BUCKTHORN  (Rhamnus cathartica) can lead to liver damage. It is neurotoxic to mammals & birds & can induce hepatic degeneration and necrosis in humans. The seeds and leaves are considered toxic to humans and animals, causing stomach cramps and laxative effects thought to serve a function in seed dispersal. The chemical compounds responsible for this laxative effect are anthraquinone a nd emodin.